From the end of the primitive society of the monk to the Manchu Dynasty, a considerable number of jade articles were marked with political imprints and became an important symbol of the political hierarchy. As the founder of Confucianism, Confucius later became the orthodox thought of China for thousands of years. He has repeatedly mentioned his views on jade in his many discourses. In the era in which he lived, it was the era formed by the jade system. Etiquette is one of his most important thoughts. He combines jade with courtesy and is highly respected for jade rituals. In addition, he also believes that it is difficult to fully express the entire content of the ceremony. The inner beauty of jade is extremely important. He emphasizes that the expression of jade should be consistent with the content.
In the process of the development history of Chinese jade culture, due to the intervention of Confucian orthodoxy, the cultural connotation of jade has become more abundant with social changes. Jade was originally developed from primitive religious activities and the original rituals of sacrificial offerings, gradually developed into exquisite jade carvings, which became the ornaments used by the aristocratic class to represent social status and identity. The history of development is a great step forward.
1. Political function
The custom of wearing a group of jade ornaments in the Western Zhou Dynasty began to prevail among some aristocratic classes. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were regulations on the use of “Six Ruiâ€. Six different status officials used six different jade articles, namely, “Wang Zhizheng, Gongzhan Gui, Hou Zhixin, Bo Zhiqi, Zizhiâ€. Gu Yu and the male squatting." The emperor uses the largest jade size, which is reduced in size according to the level of the level. After Qin, Yuxi became a symbol of monarchy. Qin Shihuang made a national jade, and later generations of emperors thought that this was the real life. Legend has it that the raw material of this jade is the legendary jade "He Shi". Emperor Qin Shihuang wanted to borrow this rare treasure to pray for the blessing of the Qin Dynasty, and the world will never be lost.
It is said that after Emperor Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, He was made into a national jade. In 221 BC, Qinhuang’s government collapsed and destroyed the six countries and unified China. It established the first unified, multi-ethnic and authoritarian centralized state in China’s history—Qin, which is also the Chinese feudal dynasty. Start. After Emperor Qin Shihuang called the emperor, he ordered the Xianyang Yugong Wang Sunshou to finely grind and sculpt into an emperor, and called it "the emperor." According to historical records, this piece of jade is made of Shaanxi Lantian white jade, and the tiger button is used to talk about the dragon fish phoenix button. The engraving on the jade is the character of the "King of Heaven, Shou Yongchang" written by Li Si. As a token of "the imperial power of God, orthodox law."
The world’s people say that things in the world can be described as unpredictable. This piece of “Chu Shanyu†once again began its legendary experience after it was born. Legend has it that in 219 BC, when Qin Shihuang went south to Dongting Lake, suddenly the sky changed greatly, and the wind and waves began to rise. The dragon boat that the first emperor and the ministers took would be drowned. The Emperor of the First Emperor reached out and threw the piece of the country's jade in the lake. The gods could come out to suppress the wind and waves. Sure enough, the lake in the Dongting Lake was calm and calm, and the sky was bright and clear, and the first emperor took the jade to peace. Eight years later, when he traveled to Huayin Pingshu Road, one person stood in the middle of the road with Yu Yu, and said to the First Emperor: "Please return this jade to Zu Long (Qin Shihuang's representative)." I will not see it immediately. The country’s jade has returned to Qin.
As the saying goes: I have more help, and I am helpless. The tyranny of the Qin Dynasty led to war and the uprisings everywhere. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang led the troops into Xianyang. The gentleman of the Qin Dynasty, the infant and the prince, took the "Tianzi 玺" to Liu Bang outside the city gate. Later, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty. When he was enthroned, he spread the national jade, known as the "Han Chuan Guo Yan". Later, this jade was treasured in Changle Palace and became a symbol of imperial power. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Haoquan, the emperor Liu Yingnian was only two years old, and Yuxi had to be in charge of the Empress Dowager. Wang Hao ordered Anyang Hou Wang to force the Queen Mother to surrender the jade, and was angered by the Queen Mother. However, the Queen Mother knew that Wang Hao was new and the subjects were adored. Even if he held the cold jade, he did not reverse the general trend. The disheartened Queen Mother suddenly lifted the jade in his arms and slammed it on the ground. Because the force of too much jade fell to the ground when the corner hit, and later used gold to fill the corner, but it left a scar.
After Wang Hao’s failure, Yu Yu changed hands and eventually fell into the hands of Han Xiu’s Emperor Liu Xiu and passed it on to the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the eunuchs were in chaos, and the Hanling Emperor fled, and the situation forced him to take away the jade. After returning to the palace, he found that the jade had disappeared. When he came to Han Xian, Dong Zhuo was in chaos, and Sun Jian led the army to attack Luoyang. One day, the soldiers found that there was a colorful cloud in the well of the south of the city. Sun Jian immediately ordered people to go down and find out what happened. The soldiers returned to the well and said: "See a palace woman who is self-finished, her neck is a kit, open The kit, discovering that it is the legendary jade that disappeared in the past." Sun Jian was shocked and happy, regarded it as a symbol of good fortune, and believed that he was ordered by the heavens, and he was the son of today’s life. He will hand over the country to Yu. The secret of his wife Wu’s place. Unexpectedly, Sun Jianjun passed the matter to Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao immediately detained Sun Jian’s wife and forced Sun Jian to hand over the jade. The Yuan Shao brothers were defeated, and the Jingzhou thorns Xu Xi took the jade to Xuchang, and the "Guanguo Yuxi" returned to Han Xiandi. When Cao Cao confessed to the emperor and ordered the princes, at this point, Chuan Guoyu had to return to the Han Dynasty.
When the three countries stood up, the jade was in Wei, the three countries were unified, and the jade was returned to Jin. In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the northern dynasty changed frequently, and the social turmoil was disturbed. The "national jade" was constantly vying for it. Jin Huadi Emperor Yongjia five years (311 years), Yuxi returned to Zhao Liucong. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the four years (329 years), after Zhao Shile destroyed the former Zhao, he got Yuxi; later Zhao general killed Shi Jian to stand on his own and regained the jade. At this stage, there were also a few private engravings, including the imprint of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Western Yan Murong Yongzheng and Yao Qinyu. When he came to Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties, he lowered the rebellion of Hou Jing and robbed him of the country. Hou Jing was defeated, and Yuxi was thrown into the well of Qixia Temple. After the temple, the jade was taken out and stored and dedicated to Chen Wudi. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the "Guanguo Yuxi" was still the ruler. After the five generations of Zhu Wenzhao took the Tang Dynasty, the jade was defeated by the festival. After the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Li Congyi was defeated by Qidan. He took the jade to self-immolation, and Yuxi turned to Chixian, Shenzhou for more than two thousand years. In the Chinese emperors of all ages, all of them are worthy of this as a decree. The winner of the symbol is "accepted by the heavens", and the loser shows that "the number of breaths has been exhausted." Those who have no place in this place are degraded as "white emperors" and appear to be scornful by the world. This shows the plot of the Chinese nation respecting jade. It can be said that jade is the cornerstone of the Chinese millennium civilization, which is an important feature that distinguishes China from the origin of other civilizations in the world.
2. Economic function
The economic value of jade is incomparable to any other item, and its economic value is well known. The ancients have a cloud: "Gold is valuable in price, jade is easy to get, and jade is hard to find. Tibetan gold is not as good as jade." Qin Zhaowang used to replace a precious piece of Hessian with fifteen cities. ". There are many reasons for the precious jade: First, the jade is very rare. The conditions for the formation of jade are extremely special and complex, and their formation time is very far away from us. Most of the jade comes from high-temperature melting magma that is tens of kilometers deep underground. These high-temperature slurries flow from the underground along the crack to the surface of the earth, and become a hard stone after cooling. In the process, only certain elements slowly crystallize into hard jade or gemstones, and the pure color of the treasures is rare and difficult to obtain. For example: jade, white jade, agate and green gold. In ancient times, Chinese jade people rode yak, and climbed over the mountains to find the jade in the mountains. They relied on the four hooves of the animals to step out the outcrops or the half-headed jade. Some jade rushed to the lower reaches of the mountains and rivers, and they were taken away on the way. According to historical records, in ancient times, in Hetian, Xinjiang, he used to fish into the water. According to legend, the ancients believed that jade was a fine yang, and it was necessary to use the yin and the gas to call it, and the jade would not be lost, otherwise it would be difficult to get the jade. Later, the jade became less and less, and it began to mine the mountains and mine the mountains. It takes a lot of time and effort to get a good jade, and a good jade is hard to come by.
Nature is rich in jade, so that jade white is like sheep fat, red like chicken blood, green like blue sea. Jade processed into jewelry, does not fade, does not deteriorate, is sturdy and durable, and has been highly respected by all walks of life since ancient times. What is more peculiar is that there are several colors on some jade, commonly known as "cozy color". Although the texture of this kind of jade is not pure, but after the jade craftsmanship, it can be turned into a beautiful point, vivid and fascinating, further increase The value of jade, the appreciation space is very large. Therefore, choosing a collection of jade can preserve the value of wealth.
Jade also acts as a currency, and it does not depreciate. As a means of gathering wealth and displaying a symbol of wealth, jade articles have been seen in the Neolithic Age, such as Hemudu Culture and Liangzhu Culture. In the Shang Dynasty, the ancients began to use jade as a lot of coins, exchanged with jade or as a tribute. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, "Yu Yu's worth eighty friends" was equivalent to the value of the ten blocks at that time. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the value of the precious jade was in the city, and the jade was extinguished, the jade was interpreted, the jade was the official, and the white jade was used. In the Song Dynasty, there was a jade operation of jade. After the Ming Dynasty, there were more jade shops. In the Qing Dynasty, the value of jade articles increased, and there was a saying that “the old jade of bronze was not worth the priceâ€.
3, etiquette function
The Chinese nation has a long and splendid history of civilization. Since ancient times, China has been paying attention to courtesy, respect and courtesy. With its inherently warm texture, rich colors and the luster of the whole body, jade has been carefully crafted into a "device", which has become the most important accessory in ancient etiquette jade jewelry. Admired by the nobility and the merchants. The "six instruments" are the backbone of feudal jade in the feudal society. They use six different forms of jade as jade articles for ritual activities, worship, hiring, and military rituals. They are recorded in "Zhou Li Da Zongbo": "Jade For the six devices, to the heavens and the earth, to the heavens and the earth, to the heavens and the celestial rites, to the Qing dynasty to the east, to the south of the ancestral rites, to the west, to the west, to the north.
After the progress of civilization and the development of society and the differentiation of classes, the jade ornaments containing ceremonial functions developed in any kind, form and content, and eventually formed various ritual customs in various ceremonial activities. Different occasions and different stages must be worn with different jade ornaments, and combined with the costumes, slowly formed a special jade ornament, commonly known as "ceremonial jade ornaments." This evolution subtly combines jade ornaments with costumes, which subtly reflects the unique spiritual connotation of the ancient Chinese crown ceremonial system. How was this process formed? How is the jade of different historical periods ceremonial? The completion of this evolution can be roughly divided into three main periods:
The first is the "heavy crown" period: prehistoric to Shang Dynasty. During this long period of time, human beings entered the civilized society from the primitive society, and the specificization of the concept of clothing is one of the main characteristics of civilization. After the formation of a class-differentiated society, people use "dress" to distinguish the identity of the class. Jade is the most important component of ceremonial decorations because of its texture and color. It matches the costumes and becomes the main feature of the power. During the Neolithic period, a large number of jade articles containing ceremonial symbolism were unearthed. Among them, "Yuguan ornaments" is the most eye-catching. This is the first crown of China.
Followed by the "respect" period: Zhou to the Han Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty ritual system has been recorded in the historical materials such as "Spring and Autumn", "Zuo Zhuan" and "Zhou Li". The results of the patriarchal system of Zhou Gong made the order of the social class in the Zhou Dynasty well and combined with the ceremonial costume system. They are grouped into a group of jade ornaments to form a strict system. The stable "ritual" system of Zhou Dynasty has far-reaching effects. In the early years of the Warring States, people hanged from the upper part and gradually moved to the waist suspension. They were hung in the center and hung on both sides of the waist.
Finally, the "heavy belt" period: Tang to Ming Dynasty. The disintegration of the Great Han Dynasty, the Hu people went south, to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, ending the Chinese ancient ceremonial system. However, the ceremonial costumes formed by jade and costumes still maintain the same etiquette essence and are attached to the official service system. For example, "the kimono", the ceremonial function of the jade has turned to the waist, in the form of "jade belt decoration", playing the role of traditional symbolic ritualization. There are certain grades for the number of jade on the jade belt. The highest grade can only use the jade belt with the pound of "Thirteen". In the "Yifu Zhi", Li Jing, the famous general of the Tang Dynasty, was recorded. Because of the merits of the war, the emperor made an exception to reward the "seven squares and six circles" and the records of the jade belt. The basic form of the jade belt combination, the jade version of the square, the round two, only limited to the specific class of the emperor, the prince, or the emperor can be used. The emperor's uniforms still use only the nine-ring belt, which shows that the "jad belt" symbolizes the meaning of class taste. In the Liao and Song Dynasties, the jade belt system continued to follow, and the public service system served the belt, which became an important symbol of distinguishing official positions. In the Ming Dynasty, the "Jade Belt" was a symbol of noble taste, which was equivalent to the symbolic meaning of "Dragon Robe".
Throughout the historical development of jade articles, it can be seen that jade articles tell the world about Chinese etiquette in different historical periods in different historical aspects.
4, religious function
In China's long history of thousands of years, jade culture and religion have always maintained some sort of ancient mystery. Since ancient times, jade has been stripped from the stone, it has been regarded as a special kind of material by some people. Some ancient people stubbornly believed that the jade contained in the mountains and rivers is the elf in the mountains and rivers, the spiritual thing of the mountain gods. Jade is the carrier of the mystical transcendental god. Therefore, it has gradually become the object of worship and sacrifice. People hope for jade and hope to obtain the blessing of the elves and eliminate the disaster.
The primitive people have a limited understanding of the natural world. They believe that the rise and fall of all things in the world are derived from the mysterious power. Witchcraft relies on the supernatural power of nothingness to summon mysterious power through exaggerated acts or artifacts to achieve a certain purpose or realize the expectation. Effect. The wizard is considered to have the ability to communicate the gods, and is the intermediary of heaven, earth, people, and God. However, it is not enough to have this ability. He has to rely on the instruments or rituals in his hands to achieve communication with God. People chose to make jade, jade, jade and so on with spiritual jade. For example, the jade found in the Liangzhu culture is like the outer circle. This is because the ancients believed that the sky is round and the earth is square. This is the ideal symbol of the ancient Chinese cosmology. The product of the clan society totem system is an artifact of pure witchcraft and religion. The stick that passes through the hole is the pillar of heaven and earth.
In the long-term process of offering sacrifices to the gods, everyone chooses a master who is intelligent, good at singing and dancing, and able to communicate with the elves. This person is a witch. In the late Neolithic period, there was a close connection between jade and witch. Jade was given the mysterious power to make people talk to the heavens. It played an extremely important role in the original religious etiquette. Jade is usually used as a magician in the hands of witches. Or the ceremonial rituals, which are called "hidden rituals in jade." This also reflects the deep cultural connotation of jade. In the matriarchal clan society, the witch is generally held by the witches, singing and dancing to the elves (God), and conveying the will of God to people.
In addition, every tribe leader who is both a priesthood and a military commander in the event of an important event will dance and dance with the songs and dances in order to get or thank the gods for blessing and shelter before and after the members of the clan tribe. In "Chu Ci? Nine Songs" records: "Ling, Wu also, Chu people are witches for the spirit." "Said the text": "Ling, witch also, with jade things, from jade." This fully illustrates the ancients The inseparable relationship between jade and witch in my heart. "Zhou Li? Chun Guan? Da Zongbo": "To make six things with jade, to worship the heavens and the earth. To the sky, to the heavens, to the yellow rites, to the yellow rituals to the east, to the south of the sacred rites, to the west, to the west, to Xuanzang Li North."
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced to China, and the Emperor Han Ming established the first Buddhist temple in Luoyang. This is today's White Horse Temple. After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Buddhism and Chinese traditional culture have been inseparable, and the most prominent feature is the image of jade. This concept does not exist in Indian Buddhism.
In the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty for more than 400 years, Daxing used jade to create the image of Guanyin and Buddha. These jade statues are considered to be sacred body protection and stability. Whether it is the royal family or the people of Limin, everyone respects the faith. The relationship between jade and religion has been passed down from generation to generation, and today we can see this from the preference of Chinese people wearing jade ornaments as amulets. The Guanyin Bodhisattva or Buddha statue carved with jade is worn on a red rope that is also considered to be able to exorcise evils and hangs on the neck. From then on, the person and the jade will kiss each other and accompany them.
Under the influence of Buddhism, Chinese Taoists advocated "food jade" to become a fairy, and one is to take jade. In some places, some people died after the death of the jade to protect the body from corruption. Saitama is a funerary jade made in ancient times for the preservation of corpses. The so-called "Golden Jade is in Jiuyi, then the dead are immortal." The ancients believed that jade could help the ancestors to be in the Western bliss world. Among them, the more representative one is the Jin Yu Yu Yi of the Tomb of Guangling Wang, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
It is believed that the gods through jade can ward off evil, protect the body and eliminate disasters, and bring peace, blessing, good luck, wealth and happiness. In the land of China, jade is a colorful drama in various periods in history. It is tangible and vivid. The jade culture has been circulating for thousands of years since ancient times, and its charm has not diminished. It has formed a long-lasting jade culture tradition in the history of Chinese civilization.
T Shirt,Blank Tshirt,Tee Shirt,Men Tee Shirts
Guangzhou LIDONG Garment Industrial Co., Ltd. , https://www.lidongsports.com